History Grade 12 Paper 1 Eastern Cape Mock 2020 Addendum

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE IBANGA 12 EYOMSINTSI 2020 IZIFUNDO ZEMBALI P1 ISIHLOMELO Esi sihlomelo sinamaphepha ali 14.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 2 IZIFUNDO ZEMBALI P1 (ISIHLOMELO) (EC/MSINTSI 2020) UMBUZO 1: UKUTHUNYELWA KWEZIXHOBO ZE SOVIET KWAKUQINISA NJANI UKUJONGANA NGEZIKHONDO ZAMEHLO PHAKATHI KWE-UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NE-SOVIET UNION KWIMFAZWE I-COLD WAR KWIMINYAKA YOWE 1960s? SOSI 1A Le sosi icatshulwe kwintetha ye Soviet malunga namathuba okuhlaselwa kwe Cuba yi United States (11 kweyoMsintsi 1962). URhulumente we U.S.S.R. ubona kufanelekile ukuba alumkise oorhulumente bawo onke amazwe noluvo lwehlabathi malunga noxhokonxomfazwe olwenziwa nguRhulumente we United States, zenzo ezo zisenokoyelisela ihlabathi kwintlekele yemfazwe yehlabathi kusetyenziswa izixhobo zenyukliya. Kudala iqhuba iUnited State ngezenzo zayo ezijolise emfazweni susela kukhankaso lwepropaganda yayo engasekelwe ntweni ngokuchasene ne Cuban Republic, imema uhlaselo lweCuba, uhlaselo lweenqanawa ze Soviet ezithwele impahla efunekayo nokutya okusiwa kubantu baseCuba, kwihlabathi elinye, imemelela imfazwe ngokwenjenjalo. URhulumente we United States ucele iCongress ukuba ivumele ukubizwa kwama rhisevu ali 150,000 ukuba eze kwimikhosi exhobileyo ye United States. Inyathelo elinjalo likaRhulumente we United State alinakubonwa ngakumbi ingekuko ukulibona njengezicwangciso zohlaselo neenjongo ze United States ngokwayo zokufaka umoya wemfazwe kwihlabathi. Asikufihli kuluntu lwehlabathi ukuba sixhasa iCuba ngezixhobo zoshishino nangeempahla zokunceda ukomeleza uqoqosho nokuphucula impilontle yoluntu lwaseCuba. Kuya kukhunjulwa ukuba kukwathunyelwa umyinge othile wezixhobo ngeenqanawa ezisuka kwiSoviet Union zisiya eCuba ngokwesicelo sikarhulumente wase Cuba ngenxa yezigrogriso zezigqubu zamazwe anogonyamelo. Urhulumente wase Cuba ukwacele uRhulumente we Soviet ukuba athumele eCuba iingcali zomkhosi ze Soviet, oosochwepheshe abaza kuqeqesha iCuba ngokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zale mihla, kuba izixhobo zale mihla zifuna isakhono esibalaseleyo nolwazi. Kumele ke kambe ukuba iCuba ibe ayikabi nazo iingcali ezinjalo. Izixhobo zokulwa nezixhobo zomkhosi ezithunyelwa eCuba zilungiselelwe ukuzikhusela kuphela kwaye uMongameli we United State nomkhosi wase America njengawo nawuphi na umkhosi welizwe uyazazi izixhobo zokuzikhusela ukuba ziintoni. Amalungiselelo anjalo ke asisigrogriso njani kwi United States? [Ithathwe: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/precrisis.htm. ifunyenwe 21 kweyeNkanga 2019.] Copyright reserved Nceda tyhila

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/MSINTSI 2020) ISIFUNDO SEZEMBALI P1 (ISIHLOMELO) 3 SOSI 1B Le sosi ilandelayo yimephu eyapapashwa yi USA ukubonisa ifuthe lezixhobo zenyukliya eCuba. [Ithathwe https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/cuban-missile-crisis?mediatype=photography&phrase =cuban%20missile%20crisis&sort=mostpopular. Ifunyenwe 15 kweyoMnga 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 4 IZIFUNDO ZEMBALI P1 (ISIHLOMELO) (EC/MSINTSI 2020) SOSI 1C Le sosi icatshulwe kwintetho yesizwe ka Mongameli uJohn F. Kennedy awayenza kunomathotholo nakumabonwakude malunga nezixhobo ze Soviet eCuba ngomhla wama 22 kweyeDwarha 1962. Mholweni ngolu rhatya, bahlali abangamakholane. Lo rhulumente, ngokwesithembiso, uthe gqolo ukubeka iliso elibukhali kwizenzo ze Soviet zokukhulisa umkhosi kwisiqithi sase Cuba. Kwiveki epheleliyo kufunyenwe ubungqina obungathandabuzekiyo ukuba iindawo zezixhobo zemfazwe kungokunje ziyalungiselela kwesa siqithi sisekukhonkxweni. Akunakubakho sizathu simbi ke sobukho bezo ndawo zomkhosi ingekuko ukulungiselela ukuhlasela ngenyukliya ihemisifiye eseNtshona (Western Hemisphere). Iimpawu zezi ndawo zezixhobo zibonisa iintlobo ezahlukileyo ezimbini. Ibathu kuzo libandakanya iintlobo zezixhobo zasemoyeni, ezinamandla okuthwala inyukliya umgama ongaphezu kwe mayile ze nothikhali ezingaphezu kwe 1000. Ngokufutshane isixhobo ngasinye kwezi zixhobo, sinokuhlasela iWashington, D.C., iPanama Canal, iCape Canaveral, iMexico City, okanye nasiphi na isixeko kwezikumzantsi-mpuma we United States, eCentral America, okanye kummandla we Caribbean. Ukuthintela olu lwakhiwomkhosi, kubekwe imithetho engqongqo ethintela ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo zomkhosi ngeenqanawe eCuba. Zonke iinqanawe ezisuka nakuliphi na ilizwe okanye izibuko zisiya eCuba ezifunyenwe zithwele izixhobo zemfazwe ziza kujikwa zibuyele apho zisuka khona. Kambe ke, okwangoku, asikuthinteli ukuthunyelwa kwezidingo zobomi njengoko iSoviet yalingayo kuvalo lwe Berlin lowe 1948. [Ithathwe https://spartacus-educational.com. Ifunyenwe 16 kweyoMnga 2019.] Copyright reserved Nceda tyhila

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/MSINTSI 2020) ISIFUNDO SEZEMBALI P1 (ISIHLOMELO) 5 SOSI 1D Le sosi luguqulelo locingo (thelegramu) olwalusuka ku Khrushchev lusiya ku Kennedy luthunyelwe luvela kwi Embasi ye Soviet Union lusiya kwi Department of State, eMoscow, ngomhla wama 26 kweyeDwarha 1962. Ke ngoko masiqonde ngokwabantu bakarhulumente. Ndiphakamisa ukuba, kwelethu icala, senze umpoposho wokuba iinqanawe zethu eziya eCuba zingathwali naziphi na izixhobo zomkhosi. Uza kwenza umpoposho wokuba iUnited States ayisayi kuyibhukuqa iCuba ngemikhosi yayo kwaye ayisayi kuxhasa naluphi uhlobo lomkhosi olunokubhukuqa iCuba. Xa ke kuthe kwanjalo akusayi kubakho sidingo seengcali zomkhosi zethu eCuba. Mnu Mongameli, ndiyakucela uqondisise kakuhle ukuba lunokukhokelela entwenini na ugonyamelo, izenzo ezibonakalayo, nothe wenza umpoposho ngokuza kwenziwa yi USA kwiilwandle zehlabathi. Wena ngokwakho uyazi ukuba umntu osezingqondweni akangeke avumelane noku, akanakukubona unamalungelo okwenza izinto ezinjalo. Ukuba oku ukwenze njengenyathelo lakho lokuqala lokuqhwaya imfazwe, kusekuhleni ukuba asinacebo limbi ingekuko ukuba sizilungiselele ukuqubisana nawe emfazweni. Ukuba ke kambe akulahlekwanga kukuzilawula nayingqiqo yokuba oku kunokukhokelela entwenini na, Mnu Mongameli, thina nawe asimele kutsala elowo esiphelweni sentambo oyiqhine iqhina lemfazwe, kuba okuye sisenjenjalo kokuye liyakuye liqina eli qhina. Kwaye lisenokufika ixesha lokuba ela qhina liqhinwe liqine kangangokuba athi nalowo uliqhinileyo angabi namandla okulikhulula, ze kufuneke ukuba liqhawulwe. Okokuba ke oko kuthetha ukuthini awusayi kukuxelelwa ndim, kuba wena ngokwakho uwaqonda kakuhle amandla wemikhosi yelizwe lethu. Ukuba ke akunazinjongo zakuliqinisa eli qhina ze ke ngoko usindise ihlabathi kwimfazwe yenyukliya, masingaphelisi nje imikhosi yethu etsala kwiziphelo zentambo, masithi nangaphezulu simisele iindlela zokukhululwa kweli qhina. Thina sikulungele ke oko. [Ithathwe https://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct26/doc4.html. ifunyenwe 16 kweyoMnga 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 6 IZIFUNDO ZEMBALI P1 (ISIHLOMELO) (EC/MSINTSI 2020) UMBUZO 2: KWAKUTHENI UKUZE IINGANGAMSHA ZANGAPHANDLE ZIBANDAKANYEKE KWIMFAZWE YENKULULEKO YE ANGOLA? SOSI 2A Le sosi ichaza ukruthakruthwano ngolawulo olwavela emva kokukhululeka kwe Angola ngowe 1974. Yimibutho yezigalo (military movements) emithathu ebisoloko isilwela inkululeko ye Angola ukususela kwiminyaka yowe 1960s. Umbutho iPopular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) yayingumbutho wobu Marxist owawuzinze kwikhapitali iLuanda, ukhokelwa ngu Agostinho Neto. Umbutho iNational Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) wawukhokelwa ngu Holden Roberto, uzinze kumantla elizwe kwaye unentsebenziswano eluqilima nowaye ngumhlobo we US, uMobutu Sese Seko, kubumelwane iZaire. Umbutho iNational Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), owawulisebe leFNLA, wawukhokelwa ngu Jonas Savimbi kwaye uxhaswa luhlanga olwalusisininzi kwela lizwe, uhlanga lwama Ovimbundu. Emva kobhukuqo lwama Portuguese, le mibutho yaba nentlanganiso nabameli borhulumente wama Portuguese omtsha kweyoMqungu 1975 ze yatyikitya isivumelwano iAlvor Agreement esasinika inkululeko ye Angola nesasimisa ukwabelana ngamagunya olawulo lorhulumente phakathi kwale mibutho yomithathu. Nangani kwabanjalo, kwakhawuleza kwanda ukungathembani phakathi kwala maqela mathathu, ze ilizwe langena kwimfazwe yobukhaya njengoko yabalelo iqela lawafunela kulo onke amagunya olawulo. Le ntlekele ye Angola yakhokelela kwimfazwe iCold War njengoko amazwe angoongalonkulu namahlakani awo athi abonelela abo bashishina nabo ngoncedo lwezomkhosi. IUnited States yabonelela ngoncedo nangoqeqesho kwi FNLA nakwi UNITA ngeli xa imikhosi yase Zaire yancedisa uHolden Roberto namajoni akhe. Ne China yathumela abaphathimikhosi ukuba bayoqeqesa iFNLA. Ekwindla kowe 1975, iMPLA eyayixhaswa yi Soviet yabanako ukuzuza ulawulo eLuanda ikhupha iFNLA eyayixhaswa yi U.S, kodwa iFNLA yaqhuba ihlasela. [ithathwe https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/angola. ifunyenwe 05 kuTshazimpuzi 2020.] Copyright reserved Nceda tyhila

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/MSINTSI 2020) ISIFUNDO SEZEMBALI P1 (ISIHLOMELO) 7 SOSI 2B Le sosi ingezantsi ichaza izizathu zokubandakanyeka ko Mzantsi Afrika e Angola kwiminyaka yowe 1970s. Ungenelelo lokuqala lwe SA eAngola lukhangeleka ngathi lwalusukela kwisidingo sokufumana nokukhusela okusemdleli wayo. Urhulumente wawubuchase kakhulu ubukomanisi ngelo xesha, njengoko uluvo ‘itotal national strategy’ ngokuchasene ‘netotal onslaught’ yobukomanisi yayingundoqo ukumisela umgaqonkqubo wezamazwe angaphandle. Iipolitiki zeSA ngokusingise kwi Afrika ngelo xesha zaziyimpumelelo kwangaphambi kongenelelo lwe Angola ukuzenzela iindawo ezilikhusi, ngethemba ukuba zisenokuyikhusela iSA kwizigrogriso zobukomanisi ezazisiya zisanda. Ngaphezu koko, iSA yayisiya ikhulelwa yinkxalabo malunga noku njengoko iUSSR neCuba zazisiya ziyandisa inkxaso yazo kwi MPLA emva kobhukuqo lwamaPortuguese ngowe 1974. Ukubamaninzi kwamavukelambuso eSWAPO kumazantsi omda we Angola kwazibeka engozini nangakumbi izinto ezisemdleni weSA eSWA, njengoko iSWAPO yayilelinye lalona mahlakani makhulu eAfrika axhasa iMPLA. Zombini iMPLA neSWAPO zazibonwa njengabameli (proxies) be Soviet ngelixa lemfazwe iCold War. Ngaphezu koko, iSA yabekwa phantsi koxinzelelo lolunye loluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ukuba ingenelele eAngolo okokuqala. I-USA, njenge SA, yayichasene kakhulu nobukomanisi ze ngandlela ithile yakuxhasa ukungenelela kweSA. IFrance nayo yayinenkxalabo yayo. Ne-SA ukungangeni kakhulu kwayo yakubona kulithuba lokuba ingabi lutshaba kakhulu kurhulumente wase Angola, izisindisa kubutshaba eyayisele izenzele bona ne Mozambique. I-FNLA, UNITA namazwe athile ase Afrika nawehlabathi anjenge Zaire kwane Zambia enza izicelo ezifanayo. UMzantsi Afrika wathatha isigqibo sokuba kuya kuba semdleni wawo nowengingqi yawo ukungenelela kungquzulwano lwase Angola. [Isuka kwi South Africa’s Intervention in Angola: Before Cuito Cuanavale and Thereafter file:///E:/Angola%202/labuschagne_south_2009.pdf. Ifunyenwe 05 kuTshazimpuzi 2020.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 8 IZIFUNDO ZEMBALI P1 (ISIHLOMELO) (EC/MSINTSI 2020) SOSI 2C Esi sicatshulwa singezantsi sibonisa indlela iUnited States of America eyathi yaxhasa ngayo iUNITA ngelixa leMfazwe yobuKhaya eAngola. Uthunyelozixhobo olukhulu lokuqala lwe Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) ngenqanwe kwi FNLA lwaba kweyeKhala 1975. Njenge Russia ne China, iUnited States yayibonelela ngoncedo kwicala elinye leMfazwe yobuKhaya ye Angola, ncedo olo lwalulukhulu kakhulu kunoncedo eyake yalunika ngelixa lomzabalazo owawuchasene nobukoloniyali bama Portuguese. I-United States yayibandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo kwimfazwe yobukhaya ngendlela eyayingena kufihlakala. Ngaphezu koqeqesho lwamabutho emfazwe eAngola, abasebenzi base US bahamba ngeenqwelomoya izihlandlo phakathi kwe Zaire ne Congo besenza uphando bekwanceda amabutho, kwaye iCIA yachitha ngaphezu kwezigidi zeedola kwinkqubo yokuqesha amajoni. Kwaphuma iingxelo eziliqela kumaphephandaba ase US ezithi uninzi lwamagerila ase America ayesilwa neMPLA eAngola ukusuka kwibathwana ukuya kuma 300, zikwaxela ukuba asemaninzi asaqwetywayo nasaqeqeshwa eUnited States ukuze ayoncedisa. Kodwa uJohn Stockwell, intloko ye CIA’s Angola task force, wathi inani lamajoni ase America athunyelwe eAngola angama 24 kuphela. I-CIA yayikwaxhasa ngemali ukuxhotyiswa kwamajoni ase Britain (alwa eAngola). Emva koko uNobhala we United State, uHenry Kissinger, wazisa iSenate ukuba ‘iCIA ayibandakanyeki’ ekuqwetyweni kwamajoni athunyelwa eAngola. Kusetyenziswa oonondaba ababeqwetyiwe ukuba bamele inkonzo yeendaba engundoqo, iArhente (CIA) yabanako ukunika iingxelo ezibubuxoki kumazwe ngamazwe ngabacebisi bama Soviet eAngola. Elinye lamabali eCIA, elachazela icandelo leendaba nge UNITA, lalisithi ngama 20 amaRussia nama 35 amaCuba abanjiweyo. Elinye inqaku eliphekiweyo laliphazamisa izityholo ezingokuzuma kwamajoni ase Cuba eAngola; oku kwacaciswa ukuze kubandakanye ukubanjwa kwawo, ukutshutshiswa nokugwintwa kwawo. [Ithathwe http://williamblum.org/chapters/killing-hope/angola. Ifunyenwe 7 kweyoKwindla 2020.] Copyright reserved Nceda tyhila

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/MSINTSI 2020) ISIFUNDO SEZEMBALI P1 (ISIHLOMELO) 9 SOSI 2D Le powusta ibonisa uMongameli uAgostinho Neto noFidel Castro emva kwemibhiyozo yenkululeko ye Angola. [Ithathwe https://mrdivis.wordpress.com/2016/12/02/remembering-fidel-castros-impact-in-southern- africa/. Ifunyenwe 7 kweyoKwindla 2020.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10 IZIFUNDO ZEMBALI P1 (ISIHLOMELO) (EC/MSINTSI 2020) UMBUZO 3: I-BLACK POWER MOVEMENT YABA NAFUTHE LINI KUMA- AMERICA ANTSUNDU KWIMINYAKA YOWE 1960s? SOSI 3A Esi sicatshulwa singezantsi sinika inkcaza ka Stokely Carmichael ngefilosofi yeBlack Power. I-Black Power Movement yayiphume kwiCivil Rights Movement eyayiyindumasi kwiminyaka yowe 1950s neyowe 1960s. Nangani yayingengombutho usesikweni, iBlack Power Movement yaba kukuguquka kwezinto kubudlelane phakathi kwabantsundu nabamhlophe eUnited States nangendlela abantsundu ababezibona ngayo. Lo mbutho abanye bawamkela njengento elungileyo nomkhosi ophakama kwangexesha ojolise ekuncedeni abantsundu balingane nabamhlophe, kodwa abanye babeyicaphukela besithi ngumbutho wezigalo, unecala elaliba nobundlobongela obubangela umsantsa phakathi kwabamhlophe nabantsundu. Enyanisweni, iBlack Power Movement yayingumbutho ekungelula ukuwuchaza owabakho ngelixa kwakusenzeka iinguqu kuluntu nakwinkcubeko kwi United States iphela, kwaye imbali yayo ibonisa kanye oko. Abamnyama bahlala besamkela umvuzo ongaphantsi kowabamhlophe, behlala kwiindawo ezinezinga eliphezulu lolwaphulomthetho, kukho ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga olwendeleyo nangani lwalungathethwa nje. Ulutsha lwabantsundu iCivil Rights Movement lwaluyibona njengombutho ojolise ekuveliseni iinguqu kwimpilontle yoluntu. Into olwaluyifuna kukukhawuleziswa kwenkqubo eyayinokwenza abantsundu balingane nabamhlophe, hayi nje kwezentlalo koko nakwezoqoqosho nakwezepolitiki. Kambe ke okona kubalulekileyo, iCivil Rights Movement babeyibona njengekekelele kakhulu kuluvo lwabamhlophe malunga namalungelo oluntu ngaphezu koluvo lwabantsundu. Phakathi kwiminyaka yowe 1960s, kwakhula ukungoneliseki kwabantsundu sisantya seenguqu. Igama elithi ‘black power’ labakho ukususela kwiminyaka yowe 1950s, kodwa ngu Stokely Carmichael, intloko yeStudent Non-violent Co-ordinating Committee (SNCC), owalenza lanendumasi eli gama ngowe 1966. [Ithathwe http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social- reform/socialreform/black-power-movement. Ifunyenwe 18 kweyeNkanga 2019.] Copyright reserved Nceda tyhila

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/MSINTSI 2020) ISIFUNDO SEZEMBALI P1 (ISIHLOMELO) 11 SOSI 3B Esi sicatshulwa singezantsi sichaza unobangela wokuba iBlack Panther Party isungule inkqubo yesidlo sakusasa. Ngowe 1969, iqela Labantwana lahlalela isidlo sakusasa samahala ngaphambi kokuya esikolweni. Kwimenyu kwakukho ezi zidlo zilandelayo: chocolate milk, amaqanda, inyama, isiriyeli neeoreji ezifreshi. Oko kule mihla kwakunokuqhutyelwa kwindawo yokudlela yesikolo – kodwa urhulumente wesizwe wawungaboneleli ngokutya. Endaweni yoko ukudla kwakufumaneka ngezibele zeBlack Panther Party. Ngaloo mihla, umbutho wezigalo iBlack Nationalist Party wawufumana izigxeko kwezosasazondaba kwaye isoyikwa ngabo babengaphatheki kakuhle yimiyalezo yayo ye-black power nasekuzibopheleleni kwayo ekupheliseni ugonyamelo lwamapolisa nokucinezelwa kwama America antsundu. Kodwa kubafundi ababefumana ukudla, ipolitiki yeBlack Panther yayinganiki mdla ngaphezu kokutya eyayibonelela ngako. ‘’Abantwana, nabaninzi lwabo lungazange lwadla sidlo sakusasa ngaphambi kobukho benkqubo yePanthers,’’ kubhala unondaba we The Sun, ‘’bacinga ukuba iPanthers ‘idala ulonwabo’ kwaye ‘ilunge kakhulu’ ngokubenzela oku.’’ Inkqubo isenokuba yayilungile, kodwa iinjongo zayo yayikukuphembelela iinguqu ngokukhuthaza ukuphila kwabantu abantsundu. Ukususela kowe 1969 ukuya kwiminyaka ye 1970s, iNkqubo yeSidlo sakuSasa sabaNtwana beSikolo samaHala yeBlack Panthers yondla ishumi lamawaka abantwana abalambayo. … Amagosa esikolo akhawuleza akhupha iingxelo ngeziphumo zabantwana ababefumana isidlo sakusasa phambi kokuba baye esikolweni.’’ Inqununu yesikolo yeza kusixelela ngendlela ababe ngumahluko ngayo abantwana’’ uRuth Beckford, owayenceda kule nkqubo, wathi’’, Abozeli eklasini, abasakhalazi nangezisu ezibuhlungu’’. … Ukutya yayingekophela kweenkqubo zoluntu zeBPP; yayinabele nasekuboneleleni ngeekliniki zonyango lwamahala ukuya kwii ambulensi zasekuhlaleni nakwiinkonzo zezomthetho. [Ithathwe //www.hist.com/news/free-school-breakfast-black-panther-party. ifunyenwe 07 Kwindla 2020.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 12 IZIFUNDO ZEMBALI P1 (ISIHLOMELO) (EC/MSINTSI 2020) SOSI 3C Le foto ibonisa amalungu ombutho iPhiladelphia Black Panthers esipha abantwana isidlo sakusasa. [Ithathwe https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/inside-the-black-panthers-photographer-stephen- shames/16/. Ifunyenwe 21 kweyeNkanga 2019.] Copyright reserved Nceda tyhila

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/MSINTSI 2020) ISIFUNDO SEZEMBALI P1 (ISIHLOMELO) 13 SOSI 3D Le sosi ingezantsi sisicatshulwa senqaku elalibhalwe ngu Mary Philips elalibizwa Power of the First-person narrative: Ericka Huggins and the Black Panther Party. U-Ericka Cozette Jenkins wazalwa ngomhla we 5 kweyoMqungu, 1948, ezalelwa eWashington, DC, uHuggins wangenela ubulungu be BPP ngowe 1967 eLos Angeles. Njengomfundi wasekholeji iLincoln University ePennsylvania, wabandakanyeka kwiBlack Student Congress (BSC), neyayingumbutho owawulapho ekhampasini, nangani iBSC yayibuchasile ubulungu bamabhinqa: “Babengathandi ukuba amabhinqa angenele ubulungu beBlack Student Congress njengoko yayibizwa njalo ngoko kodwa bandivumela ukuba ndijoyine” (Udliwanondlebe olwenziwa ngumbhali, 20 kweyeKhala 2011). Ekholejini wafunda inqaku lemagazini eyayibizwa iRamparts malunga namatyala ayebekwa uHuey P. Newton ngokugebenga ipolisa lase Oakland. Ngokususwa kukuphathwa kakubi kuka Newton ngelixa ebanjiwe, uHuggins wachaza ukuba ifoto eyayikwinqaku lemagazini iRamparts ibonisa uHuey enganxibanga ngentla elusizana kwibhedi (gurney) yasesibhedlele, enomngxunya wembumbulu esiswini. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo wayegadwe lipolisa elimhlophe. Echukunyiswa ngulo mfanekiso nalinqaku elo, yena neqabane lakhe, uHohn Huggins, bathatha isigqibo sokusishiya isikolo, baya eCalifornia ukuya kujoyina iBPP. Ekuhambeni kwexesha watshata noHuggins ze balizwa ngentombi egama lingu Mai. KwiiBPP, uEricka Huggins waba kwizinto izininzi, kubandakanya ukusebenza njengomhleli wephephandaba leBPP elalibizwa iThe Black Panther, nelalikwaziwa ngokuba yiThe Black Panther Intercommunal News Service. Emva kokugwintwa komyeni wakhe ngabathunywa be COINTELPRO, uHuggins wabuyela kwidolophi yakokwabo apho wafika wavula isebe leBPP eNew Haven, Connecticut. Emva kokubanjwa kwakhe, waxoxa, ze wakhululwa ngowe 1971, waba ngumlawuli wesikolo soluntu iBPP’s Oakland Community School (OCS), eqwalasela imicimbi yaso yemihla ngemihla ukususela ngowe 1973 ukuya kowe 1981. Wancedisa ekubhaleni ikharityulamu neezibonelelo (granti) zesikolo, ngaphezu koko ephethe nabasebenzi. Ngelixa engumlawuli, wayehamba elo lizwe esenza iintetha ngemfundiso yesikolo eso. [Ithathwe https://www.erickahuggins.com/resources. Ifunyenwe 21 kweyeNkanga 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 14 IZIFUNDO ZEMBALI P1 (ISIHLOMELO) (EC/MSINTSI 2020) IMITHOMBO YOLWAZI ESETYENZISIWEYO Iisosi ezibonakalayo nezinye izinto ezibubungqina bezembali zithathwe kule mithombo yolwazi: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/precrisis.htm https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/cuban-missile- crisis?mediatype=photography&phrase =cuban%20missile%20crisis&sort=mostpopula https://spartacus-educational.com. https://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct26/doc4.html https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/angola Suid-Afrika se ingryping in Angola: Voor Cuito Cuanavale en daarna lêer: /// E: /Angola%202/labuschagne_south_2009.pdf. http://williamblum.org/chapters/killing-hope/angola https://mrdivis.wordpress.com/2016/12/02/remembering-fidel-castros-impact-in- southern-africa/. http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social- reform/socialreform/black-power-movement www.hist.com/news/free-school-breakfast-black-panther-party. https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/inside-the-black-panthers-photographer-stephen- shames/16/. https://www.erickahuggins.com/resources Copyright reserved Nceda tyhila